![]() Paolillo, The Three-Dimensional Arrangement of Intergranal Lamellae in Chloroplasts, J. Reich, Three-Dimensional Organization of Higher-Plant Chloroplast Thylakoid Membranes Revealed by Electron Tomography, Plant Cell, 2005, 17, 2580–2586.ĭ. Sundby, A model for the topology of the chloroplast thylakoid membrane, Funct. Aro, The role of phosphorylation dynamics of CURVATURE THYLAKOID 1B in plant thylakoid membranes, Plant Physiol., 2019, 181, 1615–1631. Kirchhoff, The structural and functional domains of plant thylakoid membranes, Plant J., 2019, 100, 213.Ī. Kirchhoff, Compartmentalization of the protein repair machinery in photosynthetic membranes, Proc. Styring, Quantification of photosystem I and II in different parts of the thylakoid membrane from spinach, Biochim. Leister, Arabidopsis CURVATURE THYLAKOID1 Proteins Modify Thylakoid Architecture by Inducing Membrane Curvature, Plant Cell, 2013, 25, 2661–2678. Boekema, Fine structure of granal thylakoid membrane organization using cryo electron tomography, Biochim. Boekema, Supramolecular organization of thylakoid membrane proteins in green plants, Biochim. Murphy, The molecular organisation of the photosyn-thetic membranes of higher plants, Biochim. Chow, Towards elucidation of dynamic structural changes of plant thylakoid architecture, Philos. Albertsson, A quantitative model of the domain structure of the photosynthetic membrane, Trends Plant Sci., 2001, 6, 349–354. Reich, Dynamic control of protein diffusion within the granal thylakoid lumen, Proc. ![]() Kühlbrandt, Arrangement of Photosystem II and ATP Synthase in Chloroplast Membranes of Spinach and Pea, Plant Cell, 2010, 22, 1299–1312. A three-dimensional model –where things fall into place, Trends Plant Sci., 2003, 8, 117–122.ī. ![]() Staehelin, Chloroplast structure: from chlorophyll granules to supra-molecular architecture of thylakoid membranes, Photosynth. Finally, we scrutinize the phosphorylation-dependent dynamics of the protein complexes in context of thylakoid ultrastructure and present a model on the reorganization of the entire thylakoid network in response to changes in thylakoid protein phosphorylation. Here, we discuss the detailed composition and organization of PSII–LHCII and PSI–LHCI (super)complexes in the thylakoid membrane of angiosperm chloroplasts and address the role of thylakoid protein phosphorylation in dynamics of the entire protein complex network of the photosynthetic membrane. Nevertheless, light energy also damages PSII and the repair process is regulated by reversible phosphorylation of PSII core proteins. The light harvesting is balanced by reversible phosphorylation of LHCII proteins. The two photosystems interact in a third membrane domain, the grana margins, which connect the grana and stroma thylakoids and allow the loosely bound LHCII to serve as an additional antenna for PSI. Type in unit symbols, abbreviations, or full names for units of length, area, mass, pressure, and other types.The photosystems (PS), catalyzing the photosynthetic reactions of higher plants, are unevenly distributed in the thylakoid membrane: PSII, together with its light harvesting complex (LHC)II, is enriched in the appressed grana stacks, while PSI–LHCI resides in the non-appressed stroma thylakoids, which wind around the grana stacks. You can find metric conversion tables for SI units, as well as English units, currency, and other data. It is the pressure resulting from a force of one pound-force applied to an area of one square inch.Ĭ provides an online conversion calculator for all types of measurement units. The pound per square inch or, more accurately, pound-force per square inch (symbol: psi or lbf/in² or lbf/in²) is a unit of pressure or of stress based on avoirdupois units. It is approximately equal to Earth's atmospheric pressure at sea level. It is sometimes used as a reference pressure or standard pressure. The standard atmosphere (symbol: atm) is a unit of pressure defined as 101325 Pa (1.01325 bar). Psi to atm, or enter any two units below: Enter two units to convert From: You can do the reverse unit conversion from
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